CPET
581 Smart Grid and Energy Management
Lecture
2013/8/29
Planned Topics of Discussion
·
Electric Power
Generation & Quick Overview of Markets
·
Federal Energy
Acts & Bills
o
The
Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005)
o
The
Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA), Executive Order (E.O)
13424
o
S. 1401 Domestic
Energy and Jobs Act
o
Energy
Independence & Security Act, Section 432 (EISA 432
o
H.R. 1394
Planning for American Energy Act of 2013
·
Federal Energy
Policies
·
U.S. EPA,
DOE, and Homeland Security Agencies
·
House
Hearing on American Energy Security and Innovation: The Role of a Diverse
Electricity Generation Portfolio
·
Energy and Power Subcommittee Chairman Ed Whitfield,
The Committee on Energy & Commerce – 113 Congress, House Hearing, Tuesday March
5, 2013
·
An Energy
Generation Resource Management Exercise
o
Portfolio
Planning
o
Risks
§
Environmental
§
Stability
§
Sustainability
§
Politics
§
Other Public
Interest & Check/Balance
o
New,
Innovative , and Sustainable Technologies
§
Economic Cost,
Affordability
§
Efficiency
§
Diversifying
portfolio
§
Security
§
Safety
o
Benchmarking
o
Implementation
o
Operations
& Maintenance
·
Electric Power
Market/Business
Electric Power Generation & Quick
Overview of Markets
The Electric Power from Generation to End Consumer: Whole Sale to
Retail, recreated based on http://www.nyiso.com/public/about_nyiso/understanding_the_markets/wholesale_retail/index.jsp
·
Wholesale
o
Power generating stations
§
Coal-fired
§
Gas
§
Nuclear
§
Hydropower
§
Renewable (solar, wind, geothermal, biomass, etc)
o
Step-up transformer
o
Transmission
·
Retail
o
Step-down transformer
o
Sub-transmission customer (distribution)
o
Customers
Power vs. Energy Units and
Recording Equipment or Devices
·
Power
o
DC Power
= V x I = voltage x current = volt x ampere = watts
o
Single Phase AC Power (120V, 220V) = V x I x Cosθ
o
Three Phase AC Power (balance 3 phase) = √3
V x I x Cosθ
o
Watt, kilo Watts (KW), Mega Watts (MW), Giga
Watts (GW)
o
kW = k Joules/sec
o
Recorded with Watt, kW meter
·
Electrical Energy
o
Energy = ∫ Power x dt
o
kWh = kW x Hour
o
1 kWh = 1 kJ-hr/sec =
1k J 3600 sec/sec = 3600 kJ
o
Recorded with kWh meter
Wholesale Electricity
·
Minimum quantity one (1) Megawatt – 1000 kW,
which can power between 600 to 1000 homes
Retail Electricity
·
Power purchased by consumers or businesses, and
delivered through a low-voltage local distribution system
US Energy Acts & Bills
· Congress Energy & Commerce Committee, http://energycommerce.house.gov/
o
Congress
Track Committee, http://www.govtrack.us/
o S. 1401 Domestic Energy and Jobs Act, Introduced: Jul 31, 2013, Sponsor: Sen. John Hoeven [R-ND], http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/s1401
o H.R. 1394 Planning for American Energy Act of 2013, Introduced Mar. 21, 2013, Sponsor: Rep. Scott Tipton [R-CO3], http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr1394
o Videos
§ Re. Cassidy Urges Support for Energy Consumers Relief Act, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Wi-EkiMgdw
§
Oversight of DOE Strategy for the Management and
Disposal of Used Nuclear Fuel and High-Level Radioactive Waste, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KSlqeQUCavA
·
U.S. Senate Committee on Energy & Natural
Resources, http://www.energy.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/
o
US Energy Acts & Bills (SENS, Wyden,
Murkowski)
o
Seek Clarity on DOE Authority
o
Applaud passage of two Hydropower Bills
o
Introduce legislation to encourage marine
hydropower
o
Bipartisan Nuclear Waste Bill move forward in
Committee on Energy & Natural Resources
o
Public Lands, Energy Measures
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPAct 2005), Public Law 109-58, 551 pages – Established
a number of energy management fleets, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/regulations/epact2005.html
·
Metering and Reporting
·
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement
·
Energy Savings Performance Contracts
·
Building Performance Standards
·
Renewable Energy Requirement
·
Alternative Fuel Use
The Energy Independence and
Security Act of 2007 (EISA), http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/regulations/eisa.html
o
Energy Reduction Goals for Federal Buildings
·
Facility Management/Benchmarking
·
Performance and Standards for New Building and
Major Renovations
·
High-Performance Buildings
·
Energy Saving Performance Contracts
·
Metering
·
Energy-Efficient Product Procurement
·
Office of Management and Budget (OMB) Reporting
·
Reducing Petroleum/Increasing Alternative Fuel
Use
and
Executive Order (E.O) 13424, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/regulations/eo13221.html,
Aug. 2, 2001, by The President of U.S.,
have been issued subsequently to the passage of EPAct
2005.
o
Requirements for Energy Efficiency and Standby
Power
Energy Independence &
Security Act, Section 432 (EISA 432): Use of Energy and Water Efficiency Measures
in Federal Buildings; Compliance
Tracking System, http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/regulations/facility_cts.html
U.S. Energy Policy, http://energy.gov/public-services/energy-economy/energy-policy
·
Building an American Economy to Last: American
Competitiveness in Manufacturing, Aug. 16, 2012, http://energy.gov/articles/building-american-economy-last-american-competiveness-manufacturing
·
Wind Energy in America: Supporting our
Manufacturers, Aug. 16, 2012, http://energy.gov/articles/wind-energy-america-supporting-our-manufacturers
·
Seizing a Clean Energy Opportunity, Aug. 10,
2012, http://energy.gov/articles/seizing-clean-energy-opportunity
·
International Cooperation
o
CERC: U.S. – China Clean Energy Research Center,
http://www.us-china-cerc.org/
§
Building Energy Efficiency, http://www.us-china-cerc.org/Building_Energy_Efficiency.html
·
Lead by Lawrence Energy Lab – Environmental
Energy Technologies Division, http://eetd.lbl.gov/
§
Intellectual Property, http://www.us-china-cerc.org/Intellectual_Property.html
§
Technology Management Plan
o
Clean Energy Ministerial (Global Forum), http://www.cleanenergyministerial.org/
o
Energy and Climate Partnership of the Americas
·
U.S. Energy Independence
Federal Government Agencies
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE),
http://energy.gov/
Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission (FERC), www.ferc.gov
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
(NRC)
Energy Efficiency &
Renewable Energy - Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP), http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/
U.S. Energy Information
Administration, www.eis.gov
·
Statistics on Electric Power Plants, Capacity,
Generation, Fuel Consumption, Sales, Prices and Customers -U.S. Energy
Information Administration, http://www.eia.gov/electricity/
o
Overview
o
Data
o
Analysis & Projections
EPA (Environmental Protection
Agencies)
EPA Regulatory
Actions: Final Mercury and Air Toxics Standards, 2013/3/28, http://www.epa.gov/mats/actions.html
·
Carbon Pollution Standards for the Power Sector,
http://epa.gov/carbonpollutionstandard/
·
EPA Emission Limits
·
Report: EPA rules to shut down more than 280
coal-fired units, The Daily Caller, http://dailycaller.com/2013/05/03/report-epa-rules-to-shut-down-more-than-280-coal-fired-units/
·
Coal Plants affected by EPA Regulations, http://www.governing.com/gov-data/energy-environment/coal-plants-to-shut-down-from-EPA-regulations.html
·
Impact of EPA’s Regulatory Assault on Power
Plants: New Regulation to Take 34GW of Electricity Generation Offline and the
Plant Closing Announcement Coming, June 12, 2012, http://www.instituteforenergyresearch.org/epa-powerplant-closures/
Other Not For Profit
Organizations
Energy Laws Research Guide, Georgetown Law, http://www.law.georgetown.edu/library/research/guides/energylaw.cfm
Center for Climate and Energy
Solutions, http://www.c2es.org/federal/congress/111/acesa
·
White House, EPA & Other Agencies
·
Congress
·
Publication Library
o
The American Clean Energy and Security Act
(Waxman-Markey Bill), http://www.c2es.org/federal/congress/111/acesa
o
Summary of Energy Saving and Industrial
Competitiveness Act of 2013 (S.761), May 2013
o
Carbon Pricing Proposals of the 113th
Congress, April 2013
o
Domestic Policies to Reduce the Near-term Risks
of Climate Change, March 2013
o
Options and Considerations for a Federal Carbon
Tax, Feb. 2014
o
Summary of the Climate Protection Act of 2013
(S. 232), Feb. 2013
The Future of Electricity
Generation, Electric Power Supply Association (EPSA), http://www.epsa.org/documents/industry/EPSA_Power_On_brochure_FINAL.pdf
The recreated table shows: % U.S. electricity generated from Competitive Suppliers based on the report
listed above.
|
Power Generation Type |
% of U.S. Electricity
Generated from Competitive Suppliers (power generators + power marketers)
– 40% of installed generating capacity in the U.S. |
% of U.S. Electricity Provided |
|
Coal-fired generation |
35% (35%* 0.4 = 14%) |
49% |
|
Natural gas generation |
32% (32% * 0.4 = 12.8%) |
20% |
|
Nuclear power (zero carbon emission) |
25% (25% * 0.4 = 10%) |
19% |
|
Renewable Solar, Wind, Geothermal, Biomass |
4% (4% * 0.4 = 1.6%) |
2% |
|
Hydropower |
2% (2% * 0.4 = 0.8%) |
7% |
|
Total |
98% (39.2%) |
97% |
American Energy Security and
Innovation: The Role of a Diverse Electricity Generation Portfolio
·
Energy and Power Subcommittee Chairman Ed Whitfield,
The Committee on Energy & Commerce – 113 Congress, House Hearing, Tuesday March
5, 2013
o
Memo of Hearing, http://docs.house.gov/meetings/IF/IF03/20130305/100392/HHRG-113-IF03-20130305-SD002.pdf
o
American
Energy Security and Innovation: The Role of a Diverse Electricity Generation
Portfolio, http://energycommerce.house.gov/hearing/AESI-role-diverse-electricity-generation-portfolio
o Hearing Contents (68 pages), http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=733360
Entergy Wholesale Commodities (EWC), headquartered in White Plains, New York, President Bill Mohl, http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr1394
· Testimony on the Role of a Diverse Electricity Generation Portfolio, by Bill Mohl, Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI), http://www.nei.org/Issues-Policy/Policy-Resources/Testimony/Testimony-on-the-Role-of-a-Diverse-Electricty-Gene
o Introduction
o Baseload nuclear generators provide vital reliability, economic, and environmental benefits
o Nuclear power plant operators are focused on safety
o Nuclear power is an essential component of a diverse energy portfolio
o Challenges to Merchant nuclear generators
o Conclusion
· EWC Generation Capability (MW)
o Nuclear 5,011 MW
o Natural Gas/Fuel Oil 1,340 MW
o Coal 181 MW
o Wind 80
· EWC Facilities
o Nuclear Generating Facilities/Assets (Plant, Unit, Maximum Dependable Capacity, Ownership, Reactor Type, Reactor, Turbine Generator, Architect Engineer, Commercial Operation Date, License Expiration Date, Location), http://www.entergy.com/content/operations_information/EWC_Nuclear_Portfolio.pdf
§ Indian Point Energy Center (5 Units, Max Dependable Capacity: 2,022 MW), Buchnan, N.Y.
§ James A. FitzPatrick (1 unit: Max Dependable Capacity 838 MW), Scriba, N.Y.
§ Palisades (1 unit: Max Dependable Capacity 811 MW), Covert Township, Michigan
§ Pilgrim (1 unit: Max Dependable Capacity 688 MW), Plymouth, Mass
§ Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station (1 unit: Max Dependable Capacity 605 MW), Vermon, VT
o Fossil and Renewable Generating Facilities Assets, http://www.entergy.com/content/operations_information/EWC_Fossil_and_Renewable_Portfolio.pdf
Nuclear Power Plants
·
Plant’s Closure is Tied to Cheap Gas, by Rebecca
Smith, The Wall Street Journal, Aug. 28, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323407104579038682331577924.html
·
U.S. Nuclear Plant Sales Summary, www.nei.org
· Japan Studies Plan to Contain Radioactive Water, by Phred Dvorak, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324324404579040520540137690.html?mod=WSJ_article_MoreIn_World
· Video
The Business
Pressures-Responses-Support Model
Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station – Entergy Wholesale Commodities, http://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/113/hr1394
· Power Business Environmental Factors
o Disaster lesson learned (safety concerns)
§ Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power plant features a boiling-water reactor (similar to the Fukushima Daiichi plant in Japan)
§ Safety concerns
o Government Regulations
§ Federal government: U.S. Nuclear Regulations
· Approve a 20-year license renewal in March 2011
§ State government law makers
· The company was seeking a certificate from Vermont to keep plant running, after the state passes laws in 2003 and 2006 giving itself greater regulatory authority over the plant
o Opposition from antinuclear activists
§ Citizen Awareness Network -1986 demonstration at the facility
o Customer Demand
o Cost/Revenue
§ Maintenance cost rise 15% to 20% over the period
§ Does not include Fukushima (Tokyo Power Co)-related costs – upgrades required by U.S. nuclear regulation
§ Only was expected to break even in 2013
o Alternative Fuels
§ Cheap natural gas from the shale boom
§ Gas is putting coal and nuclear out of business
o Market conditions
§ In the deregulated market
§ Whole sale power price per MegaWatts: $90-100 (2008’s price) =>Drop => $40-50 (2013’s price)
· Organization Responses
o Strategy
o Collaboration
o Cost
o New fuel sources
o New business model
o Detail financial assessment of each power plant that sell electricity on the open market
· Decision
o Decommission, shut down Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power plant by the end of 2014
o Two other single-reactor plants with similarities to the Fukushima unit
§ FitzPatrick plant in New York
§ Pilgrim plant in Massachusetts
References
[ 1 ] Plant’s Closure is Tied to Cheap Gas, by Rebecca Smith, The Wall Street Journal, Aug. 28, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323407104579038682331577924.html
[ 2 ] U.S. Nuclear Plant Sales Summary, www.nei.org
[ 3 ] Japan
Studies Plan to Contain Radioactive Water, by Phred
Dvorak, Aug. 29, 2013, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324324404579040520540137690.html?mod=WSJ_article_MoreIn_World